1. Mitchelhill Bills of Lading Chapman & Hall Ltd (1982) at 1
  2. Snee v Prescott. See supra at 1
  3. See supra note 1 at 27
  4. Pearson v Goschen (1864) 17 CBNS 352
  5. Payne & Ivamy Carriage of Goods by Sea 13th Ed. Butterworths London (1989) at 91
  6. Per Earl Loreburn in E Clements Horst v. Biddel Bros [1912] AC 18 HL
  7. See infra note 8 at 18
  8. This was observed by K. Bernauw, the national reporter for Belgium at the XIVth International Congress of Comparative Law held in Athens 1994
  9. Supra note 1 at 21
  10. Mitchelhill at 49
  11. Diana Faber Electronic Bills of Lading LMCLQ (1996) Part 2 May 1996 at 232
  12. Yiannopoulos infra note 15 at 4
  13. See J.B. Ritter & J.Y. Gliniecki International Electronic Commerce and Administrative Law: The need for Harmonized National Reforms 6 Harv.J.L. & Tech. 263-264 (1993)
  14. Yiannopoulos Ocean Bills of Lading:Traditional Forms,Substitutes,and EDI Systems Kluwer Law International (1995) at 13
  15. Jeffrey B Ritter in Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business (1992) at 13: 3
  16. Simplification of International Trade Procedure Board (SITPRO): document (88) 06
  17. Ritter supra note 15 at 22
  18. Id.
  19. Kathleen C. Hinge Electronic Data Interchange- From understanding to implementation AMA Membership Publication Division (New York) 1988
  20. For more information on the role of Value Added Networks see http://www.va.gov/publ/standard/edifaq/vans.htm
  21. See supra note 14 at 17-20
  22. See infra 5.2
  23. See supra note 14 at 21
  24. See infra note 31
  25. See Bernard Wheble The EDI handbook Blenheim Online Publishers London (1988)
  26. Debatista C Incoterms in Practice ICC 1995
  27. Electronic Data Interchange Report of the Secretary General. UNCITRAL 246th Session at Vienna 10-28 June (1991) U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/350 at 23
  28. Time magazine September 1 (1997) at 29
  29. ABA Resolution no. 115 approved on August 19, 1992
  30. The abridged version of the workshop (NISTR 5247) was obtained from the internet. The workshop was conducted by Michael S. Baum, J.D., M.B.A. who chairs the EDI and Information Technology Division and the Information Security Committee, Section of Science and Technology of the American Bar Assosiation.
  31. Baum supra note 30 at 18
  32. Id.
  33. Bainbridge, D Introduction to Computer Law 3rd Edition Pitman Publishing (1996) at 212
  34. Forsyth, CF Private International Law 2nd ed. Jutta.Publishers Cape Town (1990) at 17
  35. Estate De Wet v De Wet 1924 CPD 341
  36. Cf. section 6(3) of the Admiralty Jurisdiction Regulation Act, No. 105 of 1983
  37. Walden EDI and the Law Blenheim Online Publishing London 1989
  38. See section 5 of the Act
  39. See Walden supra note 37 at 17
  40. Act 57 of 1983
  41. Walden supra note 37 at 27
  42. See supra at 28
  43. Carr, IM supra note 14 at 180
  44. See Walden supra note 37 at 25
  45. See Walden supra note 37 at 28
  46. Skeen et al Principles of Evidence Jutta & Co Ltd.(1997) at 152
  47. Act 57 of 1983
  48. See section 34 CPEA
  49. Skeen Principles of Evidence Jutta & Co Ltd. (1997) at 212
  50. R v Jones, Sullivan 1978(2) ALL ER 718 (CA)
  51. 1981 1 SA 88 (D)
  52. Eiselen, GTS Elektroniese Dataverwisseling en die Bewysreg 1992 (5) THRHR at 215
  53. Eiselen supra note 52 at 218
  54. U.N. Doc. TD/MT/CONF/16 (1980)
  55. The Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods Tulane Law Review Volume 57 December 1982 Number2 at 195
  56. See supra note 55 at 206
  57. Article 5(4) of the Convention
  58. Jones, P International Transport Conventions: Obstacles to the Use of EDI The EDI Law Review 1 (1994) at 279
  59. See Driscoll & Larsen supra note 55 at 224.
  60. Act 1 of 1986
  61. UNCITRAL Report of the Working Group on International Payments 24th session A/CN.9/360 February 1992 at Part III.A.
  62. Electronic Data Interchange: Prelimenary Study of Legal Issues Related to the Formation of Contracts by Electronic Means, Report of the Secretary General. U.N. Commission on International Trade Law. 23rd Session, U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/333, 79 (1990) at page19
  63. Winship, P supra note14 at 265
  64. U.C.C. Section 2-201 (1993)
  65. http://www.cl.ais.net/lawmsf/articl3.htm
  66. Interocean Shipping Co. v. National Shipping and Trading Corp. 523 F2d 527,538 (2nd Circuit 1975)
  67. UCC s. 1-201(46)
  68. 46 U.S.C. app. section 1301(e)
  69. Winship, P supra note 14 at 268. The draft referred to is the MLA Draft of the 12th September 1994.
  70. 46 U.S.C. section 81-124
  71. 49 U.S.C. section 80102
  72. [1975] Ch. 185
  73. Faber, D LMCLQ. (1996) Part 2 May 1996 at 236
  74. See supra note14 at 217-227. This information was obtained by the national reporters of Japan during the XIVth International Congress of Comparative Law, held in Athens in 1994.
  75. See paragraph 6.7.2 infra
  76. This was argued by K.Bernauw, the national reporter of Belgium at the XIVth International Congress of Comparative Law held in Athens, Greece in 1994. For further information see supra note 14 at 115-122
  77. Van Ryn & Heenen Principes de Droit Commercial Brussels, Bruylant.(1981) III.p.81,no.79
  78. De Lamberterie 'La Valeur probatoire des documents informatiques dans les pays de la C.E.E.' Revue Internasionale de Droit Compare, 1992, at 682
  79. Eric S. Freibrun @ http://www.cl.ais.net/lawmsf/articl3.htm
  80. Payne & Ivamy Carriage of Goods by Sea 13th ed. Butterworths London (1989) at 84
  81. UNCITRAL Preliminary Study supra note 16 at 51
  82. See supra note 14 at 35
  83. Walden. Evidential issues of EDI at 34
  84. Nicoll, C Journal of Business Law (1995) at 32
  85. Walden supra note 37 at 35-36 and Nicoll supra note 84 at 32-34
  86. See supra 84 at 33
  87. Id. at page 36
  88. Time magazine, September 1, 1997 at page 30
  89. Walden supra note 37 at 35
  90. Id. at page 36
  91. Utah Code Ann. Section 46-3-101 et seq.
  92. Livermore and Euarjai Electronic Bills of Lading, A Progress Report Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Vol. 28 No. 1 January 1997 at 58
  93. Scrutton on Charterparties 19th Ed. Sweet &Maxwell London (1984) at 184
  94. See supra at 5
  95. Bernauw supra note 14 at 115
  96. See 121 infra at page 240
  97. Chandler Maritime electronic commerce for the 21st Century Paper presented to the CMI panel on EDI June 10th 1997 at Antwerp, Belgium
  98. Harrison, F Jurisprudence and the Conflict of Laws at 101-102
  99. [1939] A.C. 277.
  100. De Boer Th. M The missing link: Some thoughts on the relationship between private international law and comparative law Boele-Woelki et al. (1994)
  101. See 47 supra at page 16
  102. See 51 supra at page 19
  103. See 51 supra at page 20
  104. The 'Spiliada' (1987) 1 Lloyd's Reports 1 (HL)
  105. Per Lord Goff supra at 11
  106. Id. at page 14
  107. North, at page 458
  108. Article 28(1)
  109. See Article 3 of the Rome Convention
  110. Article 3(3). In such a situation parties would have to preserve the mandatory rules of the forum where all the relevant connections are.
  111. Article 4
  112. W.H. van Boom Certain legal aspects of electronic bills of lading European Transport Law (1997) at 19
  113. Bainbridge, D Introduction to Computer Law 3rd Ed. Pitman Publishing London (1996) at 215
  114. Lord Wilberforce in Brinbibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH [1983] 2 AC 34
  115. Mosteshar, S in Walden supra note 37 at 49
  116. [1957] AC 149, [1956] 3 All ER 957, HL
  117. TDI-AP is defined as 'an accepted method for interchange of trade data messages, based on international standards for the presentation and structuring of trade data transfers conveyed by teletransmission'
  118. See Walden Liability issues of EDI supra note 37 at 52
  119. See supra at 54
  120. This draft bill was prepared as an initiative of the SA Maritime Law Association. URL @ http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/shiplaw/titosu.htm
  121. Carr, I M. See further supra note 14 at 172.
  122. Eiselen, S The Electronic Data Interchange Agreement (1995) 7 SA Merc LJ at 3
  123. van Esch, R Interchange Agreements The EDI Law Review 1 at 8
  124. One example of a successful multilateral agreement is the SWIFT network used by the banking community.
  125. Van Esch. See supra note 121 at 17
  126. For example Article 11.2 of the EDIA contract. See furthermore supra note 121 at 24
  127. See paragraph 6.2 supra
  128. Farlam & Hathaway Contract 3rd edition Jutta & Co,Ltd (1994) at 182
  129. See for example Dold v Bester 1984 (1) SA 365 (D) where an informal agreement in handwriting was held to be sufficient to comply with the formalities for the sale of land.
  130. EDI Law Review 3 (1996) at 71
  131. It provides that the parties shall use the UN/EDIFACT standards identified in the technical annex.
  132. See section 4 of the draft interchange agreement.
  133. See section 6 of the draft interchange agreement
  134. Blechschmidt, R The EDI Law Review 3 (1996) at 108
  135. See Article 8 Paragraph 1 of the German Basic EDI Agreement
  136. See supra note 134 at 109
  137. Id.
  138. Article 14(2) defines the sphere of responsibility. It includes communications equipment, communications security and period of time until receipt of the message.
  139. See supra note 14 at 26. Yiannopoulos gives a good overview of EDI model rules, concentrating especially on the impact on electronic bills of lading.
  140. Kozolchyk, B Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Vol.23 No.2 April 1992
  141. CMI Rule 10(a)
  142. See Tulane Maritime Law Journal Volume 16 (1991) at 360
  143. CMI Rule 4(b)
  144. CMI Rule 7(a)
  145. CMI Rule 7(b)
  146. Examples are passwords,access codes, etc. See further paper delivered to CMI on June 10th 1997 by Chandler III: 'Maritime Electronic Commerce for the Twenty-First Century'.
  147. CMI Rule 7(b)(v)
  148. CMI Rule 9(b)
  149. Kozolchyk, B The Paperless Letter of Credit and Related Documents of Title 55 Law & Contemp. Probs. 39,40 (1992) at 91
  150. See supra at 92
  151. See supra 14 at 29
  152. Ph.H.J.G. van Huizen, Privaatrechtelijke Aspecten
  153. The suggestion is that the system should be based on uniform procedure as found in S.W.I.F.T. See further supra note 149 at 238
  154. LMCLQ (1996) Part 2 at 237
  155. This information was obtained from the internet at URL http://www.law.warwick.ac.uk/html/95-4.html
  156. CMI Rule 3(a)
  157. UNCID Article 5
  158. Prof. Jan Ramberg Forum internationale No. 13 November (1988)
  159. Supra at 10
  160. Dellatista, C Incoterms in practise ICC (1995) at 52
  161. See supra note 158 at 32
  162. Information on UNCITRAL is available on the internet at URL http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm
  163. Kozolchyk, B JMLC Vol 23 No 2 April (1992)
  164. This information was obtained from the articles by Boris Kozolchyk (see supra note 163 at 227-229) as well as A. N. Yiannopoulos (see supra note 14 at 22-24)
  165. See supra note 163 at 228
  166. Usefull information on Bolero was obtained at http://www.boleroltd.com/
  167. Van Boom in European Transport Law 1997 at 11
  168. Faber, D Electronic bills of lading LMCLQ (1996) Part 2 May 1996 at 242-244
  169. Crouch v. Credit Foncier of England Ltd (1873) 8 Q.B.D. 374
  170. http://www.va.gov/publ/standard/edifaq/general.htm#q2
  171. See supra at 27
  172. http://www.va.gov/publ/standard/edifaq/security.htm
  173. The EDI Law Review 3: (1996) 161-163
  174. See supra at 161
  175. Interested parties can also contact ILPF at The Electronic Commerce World Institute in Montreal, Canada at e-mail: info@ilpf.org
  176. See http://www.webcom.com/pjones/ediema.html
  177. A useful discussion of the purpose and intent of the Data Protection Act can be found in Introduction to Computer Law chapter 30 by David Bainbridge. See supra note 33
  178. See Bainbridge supra at 299
  179. The Carso 43 F.2d 736 AMC quoted in Schoenbaum at 10-12
  180. See paragraph 4.2 supra